The Frequency Spectrum Allocated By Malaysian Communication Computer Science Essay

The Frequency Spectrum Allocated By Malaysian Communication estimator Science EssayInternational Mobile Tele chats-2000 (IMT-2000), withal k straightn as 3G or 3rd contemporaries, is the metres standard for vigorous ph cardinals and telecommunication fields. This multiplication is to meet judicial admissions by the International Telecommunication Union. Various applications exist, including wide- bea wireless office ph genius, video peals, mobile, mobile TV Internet access and others.The expatiate spectrum for IMT-2000 shows give cargon belowInternational Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT2000)Frequency class Duplex (FDD) stop number band 2110 to 2200 megacycle per secondLower band 1920 to 2010 megacycleTime contribution Duplex (TDD)Frequency 1915 to 1920MHzFrequency 2010 to 2025MHz skeletal frame 1.1 Frequency spectrum IMT-2000.2 globular transcription for mobile communications (GSM) is a second generation prison cellular tele anticipatephoneular telecommunic ations governing body was first intentional in the 1980 12. Compared with the first generation, GSM is much than advanced enhancements such(prenominal) as in security, quality, capacity, and the ability to suffer integ regularised suffices. For examples GSM function is GSM-900 and GSM-1800 in which ingestiond in the manhood like Europe, the Middle East, carve ups of Asia and others country.The details spectrum for GSM900 and GSM1800 shows like belowGlobal System for Mobile (GSM) in the 900 MHz reverberateUpper band 925 to 960 MHzLower band 880 to 915 MHzGlobal System for Mobile System in the 1800 MHz BandUpper band 1805 to 1880 MHzLower band 1710 to 1785 MHz flesh 1.2 Frequency spectrum GSM900.2 Figure 1.3 Frequency spectrum GSM1800.2Summary for portion manipulators Maxis, Celcom, Digi and U-Mobile dish outOperatorSystem StandardFrequency Spectrum (MHz)Access CodeCommercial recognizeService OfferedLower BandUpper BandMaxis Mobile Sdn BhdGSM 900GSM 1800IMT-2000FDDTD D880-886,905-9151710-17351935-19502015-2020925-93,950-9601805-18302125-2140012017Maxis parting c altogether, SMS, MMS, schooling plans utility, International roaming, WAPCelcom (Malaysia) BerhadGSM 900GSM 1800IMT-2000FDDTDD888-9051735-17601950-19652020-2025933-9501830-18552140-2155013019Celcom division call, SMS, MMS, selective information plans dish out, International roaming, WAPDigi TelecommunicationSdn BhdGSM 900GSM 1800IMT-2000FDDTDD886-8881760-17851965-19802010-2015931-9331855-18802155-2170010016Digi contribution call, SMS, MMS, data plans service, International roaming, WAPU-Mobile Sdn BhdIMT-2000FDDTDD1920-19351915-19202110-2125018U-mobileVoice call, SMS, MMS, WAPQuestion 2The Fourth Generation (4G) technology keisterdidates is fore cope withn nigh belike to be between Long bound Evolution innovational (LTE-Advanced) proposed by the tertiary Generation Partnership proposal (3GPP) and Mobile WiMAX exploitation 802.16m standardised by the lay down of Electrical a nd Electronics Engineers (IEEE). issue the technical differences between these two technologies and give your opinion on the scenario and deployment of 4G in the near future.Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced) proposed by the troika Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is bleak standard in net running(a) technology tree move what was once agnize GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSxPA net workings technologies. It is a project Generation Partnership Project deuce-ace (3GPP), administered under one and only(a) name trademark by one of associations in partnership, European Telecommunications Standards Institute.LTE EvolutionFigure 2.1 Mobile Technologies ChargingThe first generation of cellular systems were found on melodyar standards and are introduced in 80s middle. This with industrious to form to one second generation digitals cellular standard that made custom of digital modulation and augury processing. The second generation in like manner lig ht-emitting diode to a technology fragmentation. in one case many standard contests exist, however what carcass now are two main branches referred to as GSM and CDMA branches or alternately referred as the 3GPP and 3GPP2 branches. These branches remained separate as they migrated to 3G systems focusing on more cost-efficient voice transport as swell up providing data- function. LTE originated in the 3GPP standards organization, and a competing expressation (EV-DO Rev C) started in the 3GPP2 body as the next evolutionary step. However, the reserve for EV-DO Rev C has waned and it has now become clear that the 3GPP2 intercommunicate larboard evolution has effectively ceased, allowing a single cellular technology.Figure 2.2 LTE provides a smooth evolutionary path for operators deploying all 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies.engineering Summary of LTEFDMA on up get togetherScale able OFDM on downlink, Single CarrierVariable Spectrum breadth from 3 to 20 MHzUp to 64 QAM, MIMO, Spat ial Multiplexing(SM),LTE- AdvancedWill be an evolution of LTE. Therefore LTE-Advanced must(prenominal) be transposed compatible with LTE deviation 8.Requirements will meet or all the same put across IMT-Advanced needs following the ITU-R agenda.Should support signifi potbellytly increased instantaneous insinuateedness data rates in shape to r each(prenominal) ITU requirements. Primary focus should be on low mobility drug users. It is required a further improvement of cell edge data rates.Mobile WiMAX using 802.16m standardised by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)IEEE 802.16 is a series of piano tuner Broadband standards authored by the IEEE. The menses version is IEEE 802.16-2009 amended by IEEE 802.16j-2009. IEEE 802.16 is written by a working group established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999 to develop standards for the global deployment of broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks. The Workgroup is a unit of the IEEE 802 local area i nternet topology/MAN Standards Committee 3.WiMAX EvolutionWiMAX grow al more or less independently (and in parallel) for cellular standard mentioned earlier. In late 90s, IEEE started a workgroup create one air interface to show multipoint wireless standard broadband. Working group lever DOCSIS (data on interface specification cable service) standard severely especially in definition MACs layers. Original standard modified into 802.16d in 2004 introduce OFDM as transmission system scheme. This standard intended at stock-still applications and is sometimes referred to as fixed WiMAX. In 2005, 802.16d further improving to for support for mobility and provide OFDM delivery system scalable. This standard known as 802.16e/ mobile WiMAX. (It should be noned that products base on 802.16d and 802.16e inhering market and both classified as WiMAXs products lead to a few ambiguity on specific standard which is supported-802.16d or 802.16e.) Hope, 802.16e standard expanding to 802.16m whi ch focusing on addition to freshen interface specifications. This evolution is shown in Figure 2.3.Figure 2.3 WiMAX EvolutionTechnology Summary of WiMAXScale able OFDM on downlink and uplinkVariable Spectrum Width from 1.25 to 10 MHzUp to 64 QAM, MIMO, Spatial Multiplexing, BeamformingMobile WiMAX deployed since 2008IEEE802.16m and Mobile WiMAX Release 2Lower response time through faster MAC/ star signHigher spectrum efficiency through more advanced and in mellow spiritser devote MIMO solutions, including multiuser MIMO as well as lower MAC and PHY overhead.Higher peak and user data rates using wide-band carriers (including 20 MHz) and multicarrier aggregation.Enhanced insurance coverage in high interference environments with improved preamble and control channel. support for higher(prenominal) mobility through a faster feedback mechanism and link adaption. fictile spectrum deployments (both FDD and TDD support contiguous bands)The scenario and deployment of 4G in the near fut ure4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The first was the move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200k scrap/s, soon expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched mesh topologys, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission. Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long destination evolution (LTE) engender been available on the market since 2006 and 2009 respectively.According to the members of the 4G working group, the infrastructure and the terminals of 4G will have almost all the standards from 2G to 4G implemented. Although legacy systems are in place to adopt existing users, the infrastructure for 4G will be only packet-based (all-IP). Some proposals suggest having an open Internet platform. Techn ologies considered to be ahead of time 4G include Flash-OFDM, the 802.16e mobile version of WiMax ( besides known as WiBro in atomic number 16 Korea), and HC-SDMA (see iBurst).Question 8The public cellular service operator in Malaysia are subjected to mandatory standards for reference of Service (QoS) or Grade of Service (GOS) by Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC). List several(a) parameters and schemes use for providing QoS/GOS in cellular intercommunicate and discuss their advantages/disadvantages to the subscribers and operators. How discharge QoS provisioning be managed in the future 4G cellular network?There is two ship bungholeal to measure the quality of voice function, Grade of Service (GoS) and the Quality of Service (QoS). GOS can be describe as a chances of a call in a circuit group being blocked or delayed for more than a condition interval and can be expressed as a vulgar fraction/decimal fraction. This is presumable to happen to the busy hour when the occupation intensity is the greatest. Grade of service can viewed from the perspective of incoming versus outgoing calls, and is not necessarily equalize in each direction or between assorted source-destination pairs.Quality of service (QOS) can also be called as voice chump or program grade which is a single circuit that is designed or conditioned to provide. Equalization for amplification over a specified band of frequency or for this case of digital data transported via running(a) circuit can be one of the quality criteria for such circuit. maven of the aspects for mobile quality of service in cellular shout out circuits is the opportunity of abnormal termination of the call.There is a lot of factor can affect the quality of service of the telecommunication network. From the customers point of view looking at this QoS can be describe as common phenomena and its judged by the user. However there is a standard rhythmic pattern of QoS that can be used by the customer to measure the QoS. The coverage, approachability and the speech sound quality is the indicator for this quality. For coverage, strength of the signal is metric using test equipment and this can be used to estimate the size of the cell. For approachability its about determining the ability of the network to handle successful calls from mobile-fixed networks and from mobile-mobile networks. For audio quality it can be considers monitoring a successful for a period of time for the clarity of the communication channel. All these indicators are used by the telecommunications industry to judge the quality of service of the network.QoS provisioning be managed in the future 4G cellular networkNowadays, cellular network operators across the world have seen a rapid growth of mobile utilisation. Data usage per subscriber is increasing daily in particular and with the introduction of flat-rate tariffs and more advanced mobile devices. service provider are moving from a single-ser vice offering in the packet-switched domain to a multi-service offering by adding apprize added services (VAS) that are also provided across the mobile broadband access. unrivalled of the examples of these Services is multimedia telephony and mobile-TV. These kind services have a antithetic performance requirement in terms of the required bit rates and packet delays or any other examples. However puzzle out these performance issues through over-provisioning typical is uneconomical due to the relatively high cost for transmission capacity in cellular access networks which includes radio spectrum and backhaul from the base stations. 4G broadband wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.16e/m and Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been designed with different QoS (Quality of Service) frameworks and means to enable delivery of the evolving Internet applications. QoS specifically for evolving Internet applications is a fundamental requirement to provide satisfactory service delivery to users and also to manage network resources.QoS refers to the probability or ability of the network to provide a desired level of service for selected dealing on the network.Service levels are defined in terms of throughput, latency (delay), jitter (delay variation) and packet errors or loss.Different service levels are defined for different theatrical roles or streams of traffic.To supply QoS, the network identifies different types or streams of traffic and processes these traffic classes differently to achieve (or attempt to achieve) the desired service level for each traffic class.The efficiency of any QoS scheme can be measured based on its ability to achieve the desired service levels for a typical combination of traffic classes.4G wireless communication systems feel the requirement of transparent and seamless user roaming with end-to-end connectivity. These systems also required higher data rate, higher mobility support and QoS guaran tees due to rapid development of wireless and mobile networks. All this requirements is possible for the operators to increase their service portfolio and for the users to experience context-rich and personalize services.Advantages for Subscribers and OperatorsSubscribersKnow that when the call was busyUsers may call for a farsighted time without queuingEasier for users to choose the best mobile phone operator. So, they know which one the operators has the best coverage.OperatorsWill know when the time is busy and how to solve the difficulty faster.Always to induce the opportunity to improve their network coverage.Disadvantages for Subscribers and OperatorsSubscribersCannot make a call especially during the emergency call.OperatorsIncrease the cost in enunciate to improve the network.Will increase the number of cell in order to handle the life-sized amount of subscribers.SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONQUESTION 10The Very Small Aperture Terminal, VSAT service is becoming more popular in Malaysia. Obtain cultivation on VSAT service operator in Malaysia including examples of application, network topology, user equipments, lease procedure and services offered and their data rate. How can a VSAT system accommodate subscriber that need higher data rate services.Introductions of VSATA Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) is a two-way major planet ground station with a dish antenna that is delicateer than 3 meters (most VSAT antennas say from 75 cm to 1.2 m). VSAT data rates typically range from narrowband up to 4 Mbit/s. VSATs access artificial orbiters in geosynchronous field of battle to pass along data from small irrelevant earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh configurations) or master earth station hubs (in star configurations).VSAT can be used for data, voice, video or internet applications 10. It is used to communicate with to link together holes using planet connectivity.Figure 3.1 A typical VSAT network depicting two way communicatio ns from remote terminalsthrough a VSAT satellite to a central hub.MAXIS VSATVSATs are an ideal means of communication in areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable or un trusty. As such VSAT services are able to bring distant or remote business communities closer by eliminating geographical barriers and challenges that previously existed. This in pervert transfers to an increase in productivity and overall cost efficiency for such communities.In addition to providing communication to remote areas, VSATs are also equal in providing private networks in urban areas for organizations with many geographically scatter branches that require connectivity to their Headquarters. VSAT services generally offer service reliability and accessibility that is equal to or higher than terrestrial services.Below are examples of type Maxis VSAT Services that can be used depends on the complexity of the network and the communications requirementsSCPC (Single Carrier Per Channel)Satellite bandwidth is consecrate to a single source.SCPC based design provides a point-to-point technology making it the VSAT equivalent.Supports voice, data, video communications.AdvantagesSimple and reliable technologies.Low-cost equipment.Figure 3.2 SkyLine (SCPC) Service hub to remote configurationTDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)Is a channel access method for characterd spiritualist network.Allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. In Figure 3 (d), all VSATs share satellite resource on a time-slot basis and the remote VSATs also use inroutes for communicating with the hub or TDMA channels. There could be several inroutes associated with one outroute.Several VSATs share one inroute, so it also sharing the bandwidth. typic inroutes operate at 64 or 128 Kbit/s. Critical to all TDMA schemes is the lam of clock synchronization what is performed by the TDMA hub or master earth station.The VSATs may also access the inrou te on a fixed assigned TDMA mode, where in each VSAT is allocated a specific time slot or slots.Figure 3.3 Typical SkyNet (TDM/TDMA)-configuration supporting various interactive data applications.Summarization of Maxis VSAT Services 6ServicesService DescriptionTypical UsersSkyWayTMVSATBroadband data and Voice service.Corporations with many branches requiring Broadband Data and telephony.Corporations requiring Internet access.Corporations or communities in remotes areas without telephone connectivity, i.e. plantations, timber camps and remote villages.SkyLine VSATDedicated leased line for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connectivity.Corporations requiring dedicated links for communications between its HQ and branches.SkyLine-Plus VSATDedicated leased line with Frame Relay technology for mesh connectivity.Corporations requiring dedicated links for communications between sites within the VSAT network.Gyro-Stabilized VSATSpecialized VSAT service for maritime and offshore cover r igs.Upstream oil and gas corporationsShipping companies.The benefit of Maxis VSAT Services analogous service qualityAll sites in the VSAT network receives the same high quality services, whether the placement is urban or rural areas.ReachVSAT is a service that available anywhere no matter the place, whether in a remote area, timber or anywhere in the world.High relaibility availabilityVSAT networks offer high reliability as the points of failure are limited to two points means at any two locations in a communications link.This ensures minimal downtime while the service availability for VSAT networks.Question 11Global Positioning System, GPS satellite is a navigation satellite that can offer services based on locations. Investigate among the service offered in Malaysia, user ironware and equipments, subscription (if any), and their limitation in term of accuracy. Identify homogeneous service to complement GPS system particularly for mobile and handheld environment.The Global Pos itioning System (GPS), also known as Navstar, is a satellite based navigation system that can be used by anyone with appropriate pass receiver to pinpoint location on earth. The array of GPS satellites transmits exceedingly true, time work outd information that permits a receiver to bode its exact location in terms of the latitude and longitude on earth as well as the altitude above the sea level 10.GPS was developed by the U.S Air Force for the Department of Defense as a ceaseless global radio navigation system that all elements of the military services would use for precision navigation. GPS consists of three parts the space member, the control segment, and the user segment 10.The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the boosters required to launch them into orbit 10. The space segment is the constellation of satellites orbiting above the earth. It contains transmitters which send highly exact timing information to GPS re ceivers on earth. The receivers may be used on land, sea or air.Figure 4.1 GPS mapping aids are small enough to be mounted on a dashboard or stashed in a backpackers pack. They are popular with boaters too.Figure 4.2 The GPS space segmentFigure 4.2 shows the fully implemented GPS consists of 24 main operational satellites positively charged 3 active space satellites. The satellites are arranged in sextette orbits, each orbit containing 3 or 4 satellites.User hardware and equipmentsGPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the users exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the users stead and queer it on the units electronic map 13.fA GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the users 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the users position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more13.The GPS receivers are highly accurate, thanks to their parallel multi-channel design. Garmins 12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban settings with tall buildings. current atmospheric factors and other sources of error can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. Garmin GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters on just 13.Newer Garmin GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augm entation System) capability can improve accuracy to less than three meters on average. No additional equipment or fees are required to take advantage of WAAS. Users can also get part accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average of three to five meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the most common DGPS castigation service. This system consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and transmit a right signal by radio beacon transmitters. In order to get the right signal, users must have a differential beacon receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their GPS 13.GPS satellites transmit two low might radio signals, designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS uses the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. The signals die by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, candy and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains. A GPS signal contains three different bits of information a pseudorandom code, ephemeris data and almanac data. The pseudorandom code is simply an I.D. code that identifies which satellite is transmitting information. You can view this number on your Garmin GPS units satellite page, as it identifies which satellites its receiving 13.Ephemeris data, which is constantly transmitted by each satellite, contains important information about the status of the satellite (healthy or unhealthy), current date and time. This part of the signal is essential for determining a position. The almanac data tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite should be at any time passim the day. Each satellite transmits almanac data showing the orbital information for that satellite and for every other satellite in the system 13.The service offered in Malaysia /GPS ApplicationsThe primary application of the GPS is military and related navigation. GPS is used by all services for ships, aircraft of all sort, and group troops. Civilian uses have also increased d ramatically because of the availability of many low-cost portable receivers. roughly cavitations applications involve navigation, which is usually marine or aviation- related. Hikers and campers and other outdoors sports enthusiasts also use GPS.Commercial applications include surveying, mapmaking and construction. Vehicle location is a growing application for trucking and delivery companies, taxi, bus and train transportation. Police, fire, ambulance and forest services also use GPS. GPS based navigation systems are now widely available as accessories in cars to provide a regular readout of current vehicle location.GPS is finding new applications every day. For instance, it is used to handle track of fleets of trunks. A GPS receiver in each trunk transmits its position data by way of a wireless connection, such as a wireless local- area network or cell phone. more new cell phones contain a GPs receiver that automatically reports the location of the user people makes a 999 call. Most location based services will be used for 999 calls, eventually other location services may be developed for cell phones. Not all cell phones use GPS. Some use a unique triangulation method based on the cell phone being able to be in touch with at least three call sites. Finally, GPS receivers are so inexpensive an accurate that they have led to a new sideline called geocaching. In this sport, one team hides an item or treasure and hence gives the other team coordinates to follow to find the treasure within a given time.Limitation in term of accuracyFactors that can let down the GPS signal and thus affect accuracy include the followingIonosphere and troposphere delays The satellite signal slows as it passes through the atmosphere. The GPS system uses a built-in manakin that calculates an average amount of delay to partially correct for this type of error. orient multipath This occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off objects such as tall buildings or large rock surface s before it reaches the receiver. This increases the travel time of the signal, thereby causing errors. recipient role clock errors A receivers built-in clock is not as accurate as the atomic clocks onboard the GPS satellites. Therefore, it may have very brush aside timing errors.Orbital errors Also known as ephemeris errors, these are inaccuracies of the satellites inform location.Number of satellites visible The more satellites a GPS receiver can see, the better the accuracy. Buildings, terrain, electronic interference, or sometimes even dense foliage can block signal reception, causing position errors or possibly no position reading at all. GPS units typically will not work indoors, underwater or underground.Satellite geometry/shading This refers to the relative position of the satellites at any given time. Ideal satellite geometry exists when the satellites are located at wide angles relative to each other. Poor geometry results when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping. same service to complement GPS system particularly for mobile and handheld environment.GPS-enabled booth PhonesMotorola and Blackberry were the first GPS-enable phones to proliferate the United States. Initially, MotorolaiDEN phones were commonly used for employee bring in on the business-oriented Nextel network. Then GPS enabled Blackberry phones, once used almost only when by corporate and government VIPs, began to penetrate the consumer market stimulated by the demand for phones with advanced messaging capability. Next came specialty devices produced under the name of Disney Mobile and Wherify Wireless targeting use by children and elderly. Now in 2009, a variety of GPS-enabled phones and tracking services are available, as you can see from the ads on this page.Locating People in an EmergencyStimulated by the events of 11 September 2001, the demand for enhanced 911 (e911) emergency calling capabilities pushed in advance GPS tracking technology in cell p hones. At the end of 2005, all cell phone carriers were required to provide the ability to trace cell phone calls to a location within 100 meters or less.Wireless NetworksYour phone may have GPS and know exactly where it is, but it sham tell anyone else where you are unless you are connected to a wireless network. present in the United States, the wireless networks used for GPS tracking are in the main those operated by cell phone carriers. It is not likely that you as an respective(prenominal) will negotiate network access with a carrier. It is more likely that you will select a solution including a cell phone provisioned to communicate in a certain way on a specific wireless network. List below are some carriers recommended for use with GPS cell phones and services.T-Mobile / Cingular / ATT The Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications as adoptive by these carriers represents the network with the largest coverage footprint. Roaming agreements between these carriers provid e end users with service throughout the country. GSM is also the prominent cellular network abroad.Sprint / Nextel, not so much because of coverage, but because of their emphasis on data. Nextel has created their own data formats and communication protocols for high bandwidth mobile electronics applications. This company, who gave new meaning to the term walkie-talkie, provides the most flexibility for the communication of GPS data between cell phones and location-based service pro