The War of the Sexes in The Taming Of The Shrew :: The Taming Of The Shrew William Shakespeare

The Taming Of The shrew The Battle Continues in the War of the Sexes The plot of William Shakespeares The Taming Of The Shrew is derived from the popular war of the sexes theme in which males and females are pitted against one an early(a) for dominance. Although the depend has been condemned for the blatant sexist attitude it has toward women, a close examination of the play reveals that it is not a story of how men should put women in their place. The play is, in f pretend, a comedy about an assertive woman coping with how she is expected to act in society and of how one must obey the unwritten rules of a society to be accepted by it. Although the play ends with her outwardly conforming to the norms of society, this is in action only, not in mind. Although she assumes the role of the obedient wife, inwardly she still retains her assertiveness. The play begins with an induction in which a drunkard, Christopher Sly, is fooled into believing he is a queen and has a play performed f or him. The play he watches is what constitutes the main body of The Taming Of The Shrew. In it, a wealthy landowner, Baptista Minola, attempts to have his two daughters married. One is very shrewish, Katherine, while the other is the beautiful and gentle Bianca. In order to ensure Katherine is married, Baptista disallows Bianca to be espoused until Katherine is wed, forcing the many suitors to Bianca to find a mate for Katherine in order for them to vie for Biancas love. Most of the plays irritability comes from the way in which characters create false realities by disguising themselves as other people, a device first introduced by having Christopher Sly believe he is psyche he is not and then by having the main play performed for him. By putting The Taming Of The Shrew in a play within a play structure, Shakespeare immediately lets the audition know that the play is not real thus making all events in the play false realities. Almost all characters in the play accept on identi ties other than their own at some point of time during the play. Sly as a king, Tranio as Lucentio, Lucentio as Cambio, Hortensio as Litio and the pedant as Vicentio are all examples of this. Another example of this is Katherine as an obedient wife.

Mythical Gods :: essays research papers

Mythical GodsZeus - Gd of the sky, the clouds, and the rain. Normally seen holding a thunderbolt. be by an Eagle. married Hera and had party children from many affairs. Poseidon - Brother of Zeus, and ruler of the sea. Seen with a trident and connected to horses and bulls. Hera - Sister and wife of Zeus. Protector of marriage and ally of married women. Cow and peacock butterfly were important to her.Hades - Ruler of the underworld and of the dead. too lord of wealth (his Latin heel means rich). Owned a helmet that made people invisible. Married Persephone who became queen of the underworld.Athena - Born from the head of Zeus in full armor with out a mother She was his favorite child. The Goddess of the City she domesticated horses for human use. Represented by owl and olive tree.Apollo - Love child of Zeus and Leto. Gd of music, art, archery, and sometimes the sun. Portrayed as many animals, crow and dolphin to name a few.Artemis - Twin sister of Apollo. Goddess of the wild and hunter for the Gds. Partial to all woodland creatures especially the deer.Aphrodite - Goddess of Love and of Beauty. Born from the foam of the sea. Irresistible to man and to Gd alike. Represented as a dove or a swan.Hermes - Grandson of Atlas. Messenger of Zeus. Shown wearing a small helmet and sandals with wings on them. Also an expert theif. Most commonly used Gd in all mythology.Ares - Gd of war. Hated by his parents, Zeus and Hera. Most unpitying and forceful of the Gds. Shown as the vulture and as the dog.Hephaestus - Gd of Fire. Often said to be ugly as opposed to the other rulers. Created women out of gold that helped him at home with his chores.Hestia - The Goddess of the hearth or the home.

colombia Essay -- essays research papers fc

Violence in modern Colombia takes place in many forms. The three major categories are crime, guerrilla activities, and attacks commit by drug traffickers. Violence has become so widespread and common in Colombia that many people have now become numb to it. The Colombian economy has also benefited from the illicit drug trade however violent it may be. During the 1970s, Colombia became well known, as one of the pieces most measurable drug processing, production, and distribution centers for marihuana and cocaine. The shrubs and readys from which both drugs are derived from and processed has been well known in Colombia for centuries, but until the 1970s drug refiners and traffickers had not taken replete(p) advantage. The chewing of coca leaves was very well known in the South American Inca Empire in the 11th century. The Incas, the Colombian Chibchas and other local social groups have always attributed mythical and religious power to the bush and to the alkaloids that were extra cted by its leaves by chewing on them. The existence of a drug, cocaine, which could be chemically extracted from big(p) volumes of leaves was not discovered until 1884 by an Austrian ophthalmologist. Marijuana is a drug extracted from hemp, a plant from which coarse fibers are also obtained for the manufacture of cloth, cordage, and sacking. The development of marijuana in Colombia took place in the mid 1940s during the administration of President Mariano Ospina Perez. The government at this time imported various fibers producing species from different parts of the world in an attempt to improve the postwar textile industry. The imported fiber plant included cannabis sativa (hemp) from Asia, and jute and sisal from Mexico. The Ministry of Agriculture was distributing these plants throughout the countryside of Colombia, and peasants and farmers were encouraged to plant them. During this same period, the consumption of marijuana was beginning to become a problem among the gypsys in Medellin. As a result of this increasing drug problem, especially among the Bohemian members of the middle and upper class, on March 11, 1946, the Ospina administration passed the nations first anti-drug law, Decree No. 896. This law prohibited the cultivation, distribution, and sale of coca and marijuana, and govern that all local and regional governments had to destroy all coca and marijuana plantatio... ... the drug cartels have a hold over the country, the economy continues to stay stable, nonetheless with the illegal drug money. Bibliography Bibliography Belov, D. Drug Problems of Colombia, International Affairs, Vol. 44 (Nov. 1998) pp. 125-129. Boudon, Lawrence. Guerillas and the State, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 28 (May 1996), pp. 279-297. Chepesiak, Ron. Narco Paralysis in Colombia, New Leader, Vol. 80 (Jan. 1997), pp. 6-10. Knoester, Mark. warfare in Colombia, Social Justice, Vol. 25 (Nov. 1998) pp. 85-109. Maullin, Richard L. Soldiers, Guerillas, and Politi cs in Colombia (Lexington, Massachusetts, 1973) pp. 84-109. Oquist, Paul. Violence, Conflict, and Politics in Colombia (New York, 1980) pp.108-129. Osterling, Jorge P. Democracy in Colombia Clientist Politics and Guerilla Warfare (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1989) pp. 261-300. Posada-Carbo, Eduardo. Colombia The Politics of Reforming the State (New York, 1998) pp. 111-125. Richani, Nazih. War Systems in Colombia, Journal of Interamerican studies and World Affairs, Vol. 39 (Summer 1997), pp. 37-81. Steiner, Roberto. Colombian Income from the Drug Trade, World Development, Vol. 26 (June 1998), pp. 1013-1031.

Behind the Scenes of the County Jail :: Journalism Essays

Behind the Scenes of the County Jail Someone, risibleed of a crime, is arrested by police. Later on, the suspect goes to court to brass their charges. A classic episode of Law & Order. But, where do these suspects go in between the two events. They are held in their local jail of course. While race are familiar with the arrest and courtroom scenes from TV, m whatever are unfamiliar with the jail scene, which becomes home to the suspects who cannot make bail until a court rules a verdict for their case. So, lets expand a Law & Order episode, and place the scene at the County Jail, located at 100 W. Washington St., Muncie. A suspect has been arrested, and is taken to jail. Upon arrival, the suspect will be given an orange jumpsuit, underwear, t-shirt, socks, and shoes without laces to wear, and a mattress pad for their bed, all jail issued. The suspect will be handcuffed and hold for any movement he will make within the facility before he is placed in his cell. The s uspect receives an arm bracelet with a picture of himself to be worn at all times as identification. They can make a call for bail, and if they cannot get the money, the jail becomes their new home. The exhibit listed is standard for many booking procedures. It is not very exciting, which is probably why the process is left out of TV dramas. However, there is a lot of all important(predicate) work done behind-the-scenes to keep inmates in their place, and keep officers safe. Captain Earl Davis of the County Police Department is in charge of the county jail. Davis said that the jail has an elaborate locked admittance system. When one door in a hallway of two or more doors is opened, all of the other doors are locked until the open door is shut. The system, Davis said, is to prevent any prisoner from escaping. Each door is opened by a person in an operating room, and each officer who enters through a door must receive clearance from that operator. County Jail is eq uipped to hold 221 prisoners, each who must eat three times a day, and have an hour outside for recreation.

British Castles :: essays research papers

BRITISH CASTLESGreat Britain&8217s castles exemplify artistic characteristics and were essential elements in the lives of kings, lords, nobles, and chieftains. The word castle doer a building or group of buildings usually intended as a residence of a king, lord, noble, or chieftain. There are many several(predicate) types of castles, and the features about them are simply amazing. Warfare was also an important issue involving castles. They had to have some means of protection. The castles reached their fullest development in the medieval period, even though fortified building had been around much earlier. The castles created a feudal system, which gave them their greatest importance. The feudal system was divided into three classes the knights and nobles, clergy, and peasants. The knights and nobles&8217 job was to defend society, the clergy was to pray, while the peasants had the handicraft to till the soil and support other classes (Collier&8217s Encyclopedia 532). The origin o f has been traced back to the late Roman times when men placed themselves under a man stronger and wealthier than themselves (Rowling 31). The knights lived in castles built upon hilltops or in the bend of rivers. There they received vessels, held meeting and upon occasion, defended themselves from rivals.There are many different general styles of castles in Britain. One of the styles is a motte and bailey, which was one of the first types of castles built. The castle was made of a motte, which was a large man-made mound of state. The top of the mound was surrounded by wooden palisades, which were like logs. Within those logs was a wooden pass off. This was used as a lookout tower and a last refuge or keep (Farndon 7). The only way to get into the motte was across a sloping bridge, placed on high pillars. The bailey was next to the motte, and wooden palisades also surrounded it. A spue of water protected the bailey. The motte and bailey were connected by a flying bridge that coul d be torn down if the bailey was not needed anymore. Since the motte and bailey were made of wood and earth none of the castles have survived completely today (Remfry 1). Norman&8217s were few so they must have had to force people to help build it (Farndon 6). By the eleventh century the motte and bailey form of castle was widely spread (Alistair 3).Another type of castle is a shell keep.

British Castles :: essays research papers

BRITISH CASTLESGreat Britain&8217s castles exemplify artistic characteristics and were inborn elements in the lives of kings, lords, nobles, and chieftains. The word castle means a building or group of buildings usually intended as a residence of a king, lord, noble, or chieftain. There atomic number 18 many different types of castles, and the features about them are simply amazing. Warfare was also an important issue involving castles. They had to have some means of protection. The castles reached their fullest culture in the medieval period, even though fortified building had been around much earlier. The castles created a feudal system, which gave them their greatest importance. The feudal system was divided into tether classes the knights and nobles, clergy, and peasants. The knights and nobles&8217 job was to defend society, the clergy was to pray, while the peasants had the duty to till the soil and support other classes (Collier&8217s Encyclopedia 532). The origin of has been traced back to the late Roman quantify when men placed themselves under a man stronger and wealthier than themselves (Rowling 31). The knights lived in castles built upon hilltops or in the bend of rivers. There they received vessels, held meeting and upon occasion, defended themselves from rivals.There are many different general styles of castles in Britain. One of the styles is a motte and bailey, which was one of the first types of castles built. The castle was made of a motte, which was a large man-made down of earth. The top of the mound was surrounded by wooden palisades, which were like logs. Within those logs was a wooden keep. This was used as a lookout tower and a last refuge or keep (Farndon 7). The only way to get into the motte was across a sloping bridge, placed on high pillars. The bailey was next to the motte, and wooden palisades also surrounded it. A ditch of water protected the bailey. The motte and bailey were connected by a flying bridge that could be tor n down if the bailey was non needed anymore. Since the motte and bailey were made of wood and earth none of the castles have survived completely today (Remfry 1). Norman&8217s were few so they must have had to squash people to help build it (Farndon 6). By the eleventh century the motte and bailey form of castle was widely spread (Alistair 3).Another type of castle is a amaze keep.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Pierre-Auguste Renoir was a French painter, printmaker, and sculptor. He is one of the most liberal founders and leading exponents of the impressionistic style of painting from the late 1860s. Renoirs art is a celebration of the beauty of women and nature his images both of modern Parisian animation and of idealized figures in a timeless landscape suggest an enchanted and radiant world. (Langdon) In 1878, Renoir broke away from the Impressionist exhibitions to return to the formalized Salon, where he achieved great success for his work, Madame Charpentier and her Children.Renoir is the modern painter of femininity. In Madame Charpentier and Her Children, he reflects an expression of beauty that is not comfortable to understand at first glance. He has gone beneath the jump of life and depicts in the characters some unexpected, elemental and ineradicable instincts which link us, in spite of all our sophistication, with wild nature. In Madame Charpentier and Her Children, we giv e the gate see that motherhood is something more(prenominal) than respectable. (Fry) Renoir adds an element of interest in benevolent beings which distinguishes him from the rest of his Impressionist practitioners. Renoir was greatly influenced by Monet in such works as La Grenouillere (1869). His character of large broken brushstrokes and delicately applied flecks of paint suggest atmosphere, and shows his fascination of the true effect and importance of light on the surface of things without restraint. Renoir is not like the majority, but a revolutionary. He is not analytical, scientific and destructive.He is a purely poetical and constructive genius. He has followed a certain(p) inspiration with naive directness and simplicity of spirit. (Fry) Renoir sympathizes with the human element between himself and his models which is visible in Madame Charpentier and Her Children. Madame Charpentier was Renoirs most influential friend and commissioner. She was the wife of Georges Char pentier, who was a famous publisher of the works of the best young authors of the time. It is through Madame Charpentier that Renoir was able to meet all the important figures in art, iterature, music, and politics. Renoirs son, Jean, wrote Her salon was celebrated and deservedly so, for she was indeed a great lady and had succeeded in reviving the atmosphere of the famous salons of the past. Every one of note in the literary world tended to(p) those Friday gatherings. Charpentier was definitely on the side of the young painters, even before they came to be known as Impressionists. (Renoir) The scale of Madame Charpentier and Her Children is grande, measuring at 157. 7 X 190. 2 centimeters.One historian claimed that Renoir worked, slowly and patiently and requi rose-cheeked a great many sittings. (Bailey) In this painting, the thirty-year-old, Madame Charpentier is seated on a sofa covered in floral tapestry, the train of her black train spread out full length to one side with t raditionally designed white lace. Her corsage is decorate by a brooch in the form of a daisy or chrysanthemum, and in her left hand she clasps a small golden ornamental ladies causa or bag. She rests a protective arm above the head of her three-year-old son, Paul Emile Charles.Like his eldest sister, Georgette Berthe, he wears the same blue and white frilly dress, which was in accordance with the fashion at the time. Her daughter Georgette sits atop Porthos, the indulgent Newfoundland that accompanied the family on its lengthy holidays. (Bailey) Colin B. Bailey explicitly describes the background of Madame Charpentier and Her Children in his book, Renoirs Portaits Impressions of an Age Renoir fill up in the background with a Japanese screen and an arrangement of fruit and flowers on a small table. The room itself appears to be spacious, but somewhat render for the time.In the background to the right, in front of the curtains through which one enters and beyond which can be gl impsed the well-polished floorboards of an adjoining salon, is placed a bamboo tea table and a single bamboo-and-wicker chair. The table is set with a bowl of grapes and a service of desert wineglasses that rest on a red lacquer tray. On the red walls behind Madame Charpentier and her children hang what would appear to be three sections of a dismembered Japanese screen, possibly of the Rimpa School, although only the central panel is shown in its entirety and the panes have steep lines running hrough them and wavy edges. Reading from the left, we see a pair of peacocks looking down from a branch onto water below the middle section (less easy to make out) shows branches and foliage and on the right a splendid crane, with white plumage, swoops to the ground. Next to the screen, attached to a panel of red lacquer at right angles to the wall, is a hanging scroll that shows a single figure in bright and green robes. Renoir places the characters in an upward right-diagonal position with Madame Charpentier in the center of the canvas. on that point is a deep sense of humanity seen as her daughter looks lovingly at Madame Charpentier. The children have a soft innocence, sweetness and vulnerability in their faces, still alluding that Madame Charpentier is their protector and keeper. In this group portrait, the chic of the sitters dress and the fashionable furnishings are secondary to the romance of mother and children at home. An essentially bourgeois, Parisian romance, admittedly, but so well crafted by Renoirs poetical and constructive genius. Bailey) Renoir uses his creative technique handling the vivid colors of paint by taking the Impressionist approach and uses large but soft brushstrokes. There are no definite and precise lines separating one color or object from the next. The somewhat sketchiness of the painting allows the colors to become even more vibrant. The setting has been said to have taken place in a smoke area within the Charpentier house, theref ore Renoir concentrated on the effects of the artificial light and shadow on the models and background to make the scene appear more genuine to the viewer.Renoir shared with his son these words, Madame Charpentier reminded me of my early love, the women Fragonard painted. The little girls had charming dimples in their cheeks. (Renoir) He deliberately set out to paint this family portrait in establish to please the conventional taste of the Salon, but without sacrificing or lowering his standards for the Impressionist style. The Charpentier family was well known by the time of Renoirs commission for the large-scale portrait. Their dress and Madame Charpentiers jewelry, hairstyle, and the background automatically suggest that the Charpentiers are a modern and wealthy family.The bamboo table, wicker chair, and Japanese screens suggest modernity as well, but not in the material sense of the word. Modernity here can be meant to be the passage of one place to another, one city to anothe r, one refining to another. Renoir must have studied, been familiar, or at least been exposed to Japanese art in order to paint it with such exact quality. The loose brush-stroke similarly suggest movement. The colors are not flat, but alive, as seen by looking at the dogs hairs, the folds of the train of Mme Charpentiers dress, and the tussled-look hair of the children.This tonic visuality into humanity was a great success. With her influence, Madame Charpentier forced the jury of the Salon to admit Renoirs piece, after a go of being excluded from acceptance because of his rejected Impressionist style. The picture was a great success, and Mme Charpentier used all her influence to force the jury to admit it into the Salon of 1879. After an absence of almost a decade Renoir was again included in the Salon. (Fry) It was cleverly placed in an open and favorably position in the Salon, across from only one other major graphics. The richness of Renoirs palette, the liveliness of his touch, the freshness of luminosity of the canvas, the harmoniousness of the composition was all mentioned approvingly. Both Burty and Chesneau analyzed Renoirs manner of modeling through color and light, without the assistance of lines. (Benidite) Madame Charpentier and Her Children may be one of Renoirs finest if not his best work complimenting both contemporary and Impressionist tastes and style. As with other Impressionist artwork of the time, Madame Charpentier and Her Children was paid with a rather feeble commission.The Charpentiers claimed to have paid a mere 1,500 francs for the portrait. However, art historian Anne Distel writes, Renoir mentioned an even lower figure to Vollard, nearly 1,000 francs. The Metropolitan Museum of Art acquired the painting thirty years later for 84,000 francs. Still today, Renoirs work touches the hearts of its viewers and calls for a more sensual and human view towards Impressionist styled work. The idea of motherhood and family is something all people can relate to and appreciate, besides being wrapped up with the alluring techniques, and Renoirs use of color and effect of light on the canvas.

Tyco International Limited

I would like to start by saying that Tyco International Ltd. is a alter manufacturing and service corporation that organizes its businesses into five segments such as (1) Fire and security segment, (2) Electronics, (3) Healthcare, (4) Engineering products, and (5) Plastics and Adhesives. The company is much diversified and thus does not depend on simply one industry trends and fluctuations. The segments provide the revenue for the company is similar proportions.Prior to present all the pertinent information in the table please head a look at the following definitionsa) Price earnings ratio The ratio of a stock up hurt to its companys annual earnings per helping.b) Earnings per share is the total earnings divided by total common shares outstanding. The annual reports of Tyco already have EPS.c) Dividend topic is the dividends paid per share divided by the stocks price of Tyco International.d) Common stock share price is the market price of stock determined by the supply and de mand of that stocks interactions.As one can see the Tyco international financial did change over a period of 5 years. Still, from the table above, one is able to see that the dividend yield had grown for years 1999 to 2003, while the price and EPS had been rather volatile.I recommend a buy strategy of Tyco international for the following reasons1. Financials. The financials of Tyco international over the period of 5 years had shown gradual increase in terms of total assets. The company showed an increase in P/E ratio which means that investors are unbidden to pay more for a dollar of earnings than before. The company despite some financial challenges of 2002 and 2003, paid out the same fixed dividend which means that the company was certain about its future growth and had enough resources to pay the dividend despite short term difficulties.2. Stock price increases. One could see stock price of Tyco increase over the past 4 years with year 5 (2003) being the only exception. Prior t o 1999, Tyco experienced several stock splits that marked integrated unprecedented growth.3. Analysts opinion. Regardless of what one might think about analysts opinion , it is vital too remember that they quite often move the market. If enough throng believe that the company should be bought the stock price will increase. Currently the major analysts, seen at www.finance.yahoo.com or multexinvestor.com recommend strong buy of Tyco. One has to gain that the analysts are paid for making educated guesses and giving advises to the general populace.These analysts spend days on analyzing companies, so there is some credibility in their words. By the way, considering the opinion of other, more competent individuals and using it for ones own decisions, is about follow the leader strategy used by many interchangeable funds, investors or just companies. There are people in the market who could move stock prices with their words and own actions. In our case the analysts opinion was only u sed for the information purposes to see whether or not it differs much from what other pieces of information tell us about Tyco International.4. Industry data. Tyco International is seen as over performing the industry in many respects. Being an industry leader, together with other reasons, Tyco International is a buy target. Being a part of the conglomerates industry, Tyco engages in 5 different segments that do not correlate with each other. Therefore, Tyco appears to be a hedged company that cannot be easily hit by a decline in one industry that Tyco covers. Such industry specifics of Tyco International contribute to Tycos beta below the market (

Relationships and Breakup

* When ii parties disclose personal information with each other the consensus is that the dickens persons will like each other more. (Rowland Miller, 2012) * Disclosure within a relationship is beneficial by raising intimacy, trust and closeness levels between two partners (Dindia & Fitzpatrick, 1985 Duck, 1994a) * Strangers who open up to each admire each other more than couples who reveal less personal information to each other (Slatcher, 2010) * That being said, this shows that in that respect is a very strong bond when disclosing personal information to each other and that it plays a large role when building a relationship. * Social perspicacity theory (Altman & Taylor,1973)* New relationships have a large breadth of topics discussed, while the depth of the topics is very shallow. Self-disclosure is rare to be found at this level of relationship. shock ups* If a persons past relationship was broken off early within the relationship, that is the depth of the topics discussed w as very shallow and little self-disclosure occurred, than it would be reliable to say that within a new relationship they would seek that acceptance and self-disclosure earlier on. They never really got to disclose personal information with their ex, therefore they may pursue that self-disclosure more ambitiously within the new relationship.* If a persons past relationship was broken off at a by and by stage where self-disclosure between two partners was a common occurrence the parties may misattribute the separation with rejected disclosed information. Within new relationships it may take long-range for them to disclose information with their new partners.Revised Filter TheoryNew RelationshipsHypotheses/Questions we want to ask* Does the denial of disclosed information from previous relationships have an gist on newly formed relationships? That is, is it harder to disclose information to new partners? Does it take longer? * If past the past relationships ended early on before self-disclosure could occur. Do people pursue self-disclosure earlier on in the newly formed relationship?

Unit 2- the Developing Child

Unit 2 Assignment- The developing child D1 The expected social stage of social development for a 4 year old is that they argon more aware to talk to knew people than when they were the age of 3 the children are more friendly and caring towards others. Children are a lot more self-confident in these ages. D2 The expected social stage of development for a 5 year old is, her or she is becoming very co-operative and engages in conversation. A 5 year old rouse speak clearly and use different connectives properly in a sentence. Children behind also start to choose their glide by friends.By the end of age 5 children want to please friends, agree to rules and enjoy dancing and singing. D3, D4 One method of observation and recording social development of a child aged 5 could be structured recording. Structured recording is where you observe a child independently whilst theyre playing, learning, or participate in an activity and following their progress by following a basic tick/check li st. It involves looking for particular skills or behaviour that they can either do or cannot. D5 Many factors may affect the way children express their social development.The factors could be, environmental risk factors such as living in an unsafe community, receiving care within a low-quality child care setting, lack of resources available in the community or lack of policies supporting children and families. D6 Snack and repast times can support social development in many ways, for illustration children learn how to co-operate with one another, they learn how to share with one another for example passing the food bowl around or taking turns, children can also make new friends by sitting near someone they hold outt know and interacting with them.This is supporting the child to develop in their social skills. D7 Diversity is an understanding and excepting that all children are different. It is showing that everyone is diverse, and that everyone has different wants and needs. Inclu sive exercise is when all children, no matter how diverse, are included in the same activity and dont get left out however the practitioners inspection and repair adjust activities to help meet the individual needs of others, whilst making them feel like they can do anything with another child no matter their ability.B1 As a practitioner, In order to help the child going through this transition you need to find out as much information as you can, you may do this via parents or career. To support the child through this transition make sure the child understands that everyone will go through the same changes, simply that they happen earlier in some children and later in others. Encourage children to take part in regular physical or social activities and give them openings to discuss with you any worries or concerns. B2Collecting information be carrying out observations on children needs to be seen as the starting point rather than the end point. The bordering step is to evaluate t he information although the way in which you might do this may vary. As a practitioner, you might evaluate the observations and a learning scratch for your own professional development and feedback your thoughts to your supervisor. As a practitioner, observations might be evaluated so that information can be passed on to your parents and more importantly, so that you can plan more effectively for the childs needs and interests.

Meubles Canadal: Looking Towards the Future Essay

IntroductionMeubles Canadel is Canadas leading manu accompanimenturing hard in producing gamey quality furniture for dining purposes and was established in 1982 by trinity brothers in Louisville, a small town in the province of Quebec in Canada. It is a privately own participation and established itself from a small to a large international operating comp any(prenominal) with still increasing sales around $125 million in 2000. Between 1987 and 1991 Canadel grew rapidly. This was due to the fact that the inviolable focused on demographic changes. The families size slumpd in this time and shifted the demand from the lunch-corner and formal dining room segment to dining room furniture to everyday use. Canadel took advantage of this change and started to produce high quality dining furniture. With continued increasing sales, the level expanded to the U.S market and additionally serves now the easterly part of the U.S with its products.Looking at Canadel in 2000, the firm owns 50% of the dining room market although prices are generally higher than competitors prices. At this point in time, the companys sales were mostly coming from the U.S (75%), 20% from the Canadian market and five percent from Europe and Japan. Further, Canadels stave represented 1,550 multitude of which 800 are directly employed. In the following a case analysis of Canadel exit be conducted. The first part represents the external environmental analysis whereas the second part focuses on the internal factors influencing the firm. Ultimately a conclusion will be drawn. External environmental analysisAn external environmental analysis contains a macroeconomic and a microeconomic view on firms influencing factors. On the macroeconomic level one could ask a general question for example which environmental factors do affect the firm and its strategic management. It is necessary for Canadel to maintain a coherent strategy that fit in its environment in smart set to reinforce its distinctive competencies and establish sustainability in creating value to its stakeholders. In crop to answer this question a PESTEL analysis will be conducted, where the macroeconomic view is studied. PESTEL stands for political, economic, sociocultural, technical, environmental and legal factors, which affect the firm and its strategy. Regarding political factors, the Canadian furniture indus tense was massively influenced after the introduction of the supererogatory Trade Agreement (FTA) between the United States and Canada in 1989. Trades between both countries have become easier due to the elimination of tariffs and in addition disceptation increased. However, Canadel was non operating internationally in this time therefore, only the increase in competition could have influenced the firm. The next factor, which influences Canadel, is the economic impact.Exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. and the Canadian dollar groundwork affect the export to the United States, which can ca use both losses and profits for Canadel. At the moment the firm has an advantage because the Canadian dollar has a absolute position compared to the U.S. dollar. However, this used to be different and therefore it is master(prenominal) for the three Deveault brothers to take this factor into consideration in order to avoid losses. another(prenominal) point is the huge unemployment rate that is mentioned. The Deveault brothers feel that they have an obligation to stay in Quebec in order to support their hometown and province, which would not be ensured if they would look for other suppliers in different regions.This decision influences the firms management strategy. On the one flock it could mean that Canadel does not take the prospect to look for other suppliers in different regions who might be cheaper and therefore would enable the firm to benefit in costs savings. On the other hand it improves the relationship to its suppliers and increases loyalty on both sides, which can be more valuable than any cost saving strategy. The next external factor is the sociocultural development over time. As already mention, Canadel is a local company carrying about its employees and suppliers. This clearly influences its strategic operational decision as above discussed.Moreover, the company took advantage of the demographic changes in lifestyle and family size. It began to produce small exclusive tables and profited from the abate in family size. Further, Canadel has a very unequalled attitude towards work, hiring policy and leisure. It is mentioned that the Deveaults try to maintain a small power distance between their employees and the management level. The company does not have a hierarchal structure and stands for an open-door policy where employees any time have the possibility to see the mangers and talk to them. Meetings held within the management level or with suppliers are classified as very informal without a secretary taking notes. These characteristics a ffect Canadels business decision like staying in the region of Quebec to conduct its business in favour of the local population.Another economic factor is the technological change in the last couple of years. It is obvious that machinery improved and facilitated the manufacturing process of wood. However, one has to remember that the company emphasises the production of unique hand made dining tables. This could lead to the conclusion that the technological improvement did simplify the manufacturing process however, not in the major way. This is solely due to the fact that the production of exclusive dining table is very labour intensive. The last two macro-economic influences environmental and legal impacts are not sufficiently addressed in the case and will be left out in this analysis. On the microeconomic level the model of Porters five forces will be used to detect competitive forces that affect the firms business decisions.First, the entry barriers are described as very low, w hich increases the risk of latent juvenile competitors for Canadel. This might give reason to establish the firm as a market leader in the industry in order to threaten potential new competitors. This could be important due to somewhat potential competition from the Asian markets. However, this does not necessarily mean loosing all of the firms customers if competition increases because Canadel produces a very specialised product, which cannot be easily copied. Nevertheless, it can complicate Canadels business strategy and force them to decrease costs in order to possibly decrease its very high prices for dining furniture.Another fact is that Canadel has a very good relationship to its suppliers and staff, which enables the firm to profit from this loyalty if competition increases. Summarising, it can be said that overall competition is low in this industry. The threat of substitutes can be described as relatively low because people who can afford to pay around $7,000 for a dinin g table would probably not purchase furniture at firms like IKEA. Moreover, Canadels products come along to be very unique and therefore hard to find anywhere else. Analysing the bargaining power of suppliers it can be said that the firm operates with many smaller suppliers in the region of Quebec. Thus, a low bargaining power is identified. Compared to that the bargaining power of customers is characterised as significantly stronger because Canadel produces very unique products, which addresses a specified divide of customers. This could lead to problems if sales decreases and might cause the company into trouble and force them to adjust for this changes. Internal environmental analysisThe next part describes the internal factors which influences the firms operating strategy. This can be established by a SWOT analysis to detect the firms strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. One of the most important strengths Canadel can present is the large subcontractor network, wh ich it can rely on. Long-time relationships are important for the firm, as it knows most of its stakeholders from the very beginning. Therefore, controversies and conflicts are probably less frequent and decrease the fear of shortages in resources used for the production process. Further, Canadel has a well developed retail network, which shortens its delivery time compared to its competition. A next strength is the uniqueness of its products and its high quality, which is very much appreciated by the consumers.The high price of Canadels products can be identified as a weakness and might decrease its potential number of customers. Maybe it might be valuable to think about an additional production tenor that is cheaper and hence affordable to more people. A further weakness is the just-in-time (JIT) inventory system that could easily cause shortages although the firm accounted some time lack due to human errors. That JIT inventory system can be of course also identified as a firms s trength. Canadels opportunities are already recognised by the expansion in the U.S. market, which could also be extended to the western part of the U.S. The already mentioned cheaper product line could be an opportunity to attract more consumers and to increase sales or to broaden the firms product segment. Major threats of the company are the Asian manufactures, which are likely to produce cheaper products and therefore might capture some of Canadels sales.Moreover, it can be said that Canadel has a major competitive advantage in producing high quality and unique dining furniture. It has the capabilities and resources, which is supported by the geographical location. A strong value chain can be identified with a good stakeholder network and a good infrastructure. These factors facilitate the firms operating position by focusing on the resources, capabilities and resources of Canadel.ConclusionIn conclusion it can be said that Canadel managed to establish itself with a strong positi on in the fast growing dining room market. It has many opportunities to improve this position and expand its business by increasing its product line and thus attract more consumers. Further, it needs to pay attention to possible new competitors entering the market. Therefore, the philosophy to grow when its time to grow should not be taken too seriously because this might cause trouble to Canadel. It has to adjust to demographic and environmental changes. However, it should maintain its unique business culture and operation strategy.ReferencesJohnson G., Whittington R., Scholes K. (2008). Exploring incarnate Strategy (9th edition). Harlow UK Pearson Education. Mark K., Hebert L., Crossan M,. (2001). Meubles Canadel Looking towards the future. Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario.

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay

Every bite of lit dateture created is influenced by the time in which it was written. A particular text is a reflection of the era or period in which it was born. An author is contained within a specific time in history, and his writing becomes the result of the social, economic or political environs of that time. This is the reason why it is extremely important for a reader to determine the context of the story in order to fully understand a report of literature. Of Mice and custody by John Steinbeck is a massive example of how a text reflects a particular era.It is a novel written in the thirty-something and revealed what was retrieveing during that time in atomic number 20. Hence, John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men is a reflection of California during the mid-thirties. Of Mice and Men is a story about the companionship amid George Milton and Lennie Small. The two men be remarkably different from each other. Steinbeck (1994) described George as small and quick, dark of fac e, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features (p. 4). He interpret Lennie as the opposite of his companion he was a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders (Steinbeck, 1994, p.4). However, their differences were not limited to physical appearances. George is intelligent, but his friend Lennie is mentally challenged (Steinbeck, 1994). The mental condition of the latter forced him to depend solely on the former. While George often expressed displeasure about the burden of creation Lennies companion, he proved to be a dedicated friend. He served as Lennies guardian. Unfortunately, Lennies disability caused him to be involved in great trouble. He was unable to discern his own strength, by the way harming and killing others in the process.In the end, George continues to fulfill his piece as Lennies protector he killed Lennie himself to barren him from death in the hands of Curley (Steinbeck, 1994). While the friendship between George and Le nny is the main focus of the story, the history of California plays a bigger and more significant role in the novel. Of Mice and Men is also a story about California and the problems which plagued it during the 1930s. John Steinbeck wrote three books which delved into the situation in California in 1930s Of Mice and Men is the second book in the trilogy. The other two novels were In Dubious Battle and The Grapes of Wrath.In On Mice and Men, the relationship between George and Lennie is set against the back repose of 1930s California. Both men are migrant workers with a single ambitiousness they wanted to own a piece of land and farm it themselves. George said, Somedaywere gonna get the jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and some pigs (Steinbeck, 1994). This reverie was influenced, if not completely defined, by the problems of the state at that particular time. In the Introduction of the On Mice and Men, Shillinglaw (1994) described Cal ifornia in the 1930s.During the 1930s, the main problem in California was agricultural labor. Since the 1900s, most of the agriculturally abundant valleys were located in California. Produce such as broccoli, lettuce, sugar beets and strawberries were only some of those harvested in plenitude. The vast farms in California required many laborers for its harvest. Meanwhile, the Southwest region of America suffered from drought. Due to the drought, the once bountiful lands became similar to deserts. As a result, laborers left what was known as the Dust Bowl to try their luck in California.Since 1935, an estimated 350,000 people from Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas stormed the florid State in hopes of finding jobs in the farms. While it was true that California had enormous agricultural fields which supplied most of the countrys produce, the employment of workers were still a problem. There were too many people to accommodate for jobs in these farms. Workers from the Dust Bowl wandered th roughout the state in search of crops to farm, as they were desperate for work. By 1936, California was faced with a major problem the unvarying flow of poor and hungry migrants from the Southwest.The situation of wandering farm workers was illustrated in Of Mice and Men. The novel began with the arrival of George and Lennie in the Salinas River. George was upset that the bus driver did not drop them off at the proper location. He said, Didnt wanta stop at the ranch gate, thats what (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 6). The two men exemplified the situation of all the other migrant workers in California during the 1930s. Agricultural laborers such as George and Lennie were directed from one ranch to another, in search for work.George asked Lennie, You remember about us goin into Murray and Readys, and they fertilize us work cards and bus tickets? (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 7). Murray and Ready had provided both men with the cards and tickets, then sent them to the side by side(p) ranch. According t o the novel, the last ranch they worked for was called Weed. The hire of the itinerant laborers was best expressed by Georges words They come to a ranch an work up a stake and then they go inta town and blow their stake, and the first thing you know theyre poundin their tail on some other ranch (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15).The novel also portrayed the voiceless life of male migrant workers and their need for human company. It was said that majority of the migrant agricultural workers in California were single men. Since the 1870s until 1930, the fruit and wheat crops of the Golden State were harvested by single men. These men were modern day nomads, for they constantly moved from one place to another. They carried bindles whenever they went. George confirmed the situation of male farm workers in California Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest abuses in the world. They got no family. They dont belong no place (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15).The solitude of the farm workers r esulted in the constant need for companionship. In the absence of wives and families, the male itinerant laborers develop friendships instead. The friendship between George and Lennie was the kind of relationship created due to the dower of the migrant workers. disdain his complaints about having Lennie around, it was apparent that George was just as dependent on Lennie as Lennie was dependent on him. Whenever Lennie threatened to leave, George told him that he wanted his friend to stay. Their bond was so strong that they did not consider themselves as similar to the aforementioned lonely guys.George said With us it aint like that. We got a future. We got somebody to let out to that gives a blasted about us (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15). The novel revealed how agricultural laborers were marginalized in California society. All of them were misplaced and lived on dire conditions. Despite the unfortunate circumstances which befell them, there are those who remained optimistic and ambiti ous. However, even the ambitious laborers also fail. They would simply leave the ranch and proceed to another place. In the novel, George and Lennie went to the bunk house of the next ranch they were supposed to work for.When George asked Candy why the former occupant of his new bed quit, this was the response Hejust quit, the way a guy will. Says it was the food. Just wanted to move (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 20). George and Lennie were also ambitious. They have grown weary of working from one ranch to another, and working for people like Curley. They dreamt of having a piece of land they can personally attend to. The dream was revealed early on in the novel, and was continuously mentioned throughout the story. Candy overheard the two taking about their liking for their own (Steinbeck, 1994).He responded positively, and even offered his savings to both men so that he could also live on their land. Crooks also learned about the blueprint to buy land. During one night, Lennie spoke to Cr ooks about his plan to own land with George. Unlike Candy, Crooks had a different response to the plan. He discouraged Lennie by insinuating that his dream will never come true. Crooks said I seen hundreds of men come by on the road an on the ranches, with their bindles on their back an that same damn thing in their mentalitysevery damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head.An never a god damn one of em ever gets it (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 75). The character of Crooks was right in 1930s California, many workers did not achieve the success they originally hoped to find there. By the end of the novel, George and Lennie proved to be unsuccessful as well. The dream of George and Lennie to obtain their own land did not come true. Lennie has a fondness for petting things which are soft it was this fondness which guaranteed his demise (Steinbeck, 1994). Lennie and George were forced to leave the ranch in Weed because Lennies petting had gotten them in trouble.In the ranch in Sol edad, Lennie accidentally killed a puppy because he was too strong. By accident, he pulled the hair of Curleys wife and also broke her neck, causing her to die. When Curley and the rest of the men in the ranch found out that Lennie killed the wife, they form a mob and went to search for Lennie. Before they arrived at the ranch, George told Lennie to return to the Salinas River in case he got in trouble. George told his friend, Lennieif you jus happen to get in trouble like you always done before, I want you to come right here an hide in the brush (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 17). subsequently he killed Curleys wife, Lennie proceed to the brush and George met him there. George began to speak of the land they would own together and the rabbits that Lennie would take care of. Afterwards, he shot Lennie on the back of his head (Steinbeck, 1994). The farm was a representation of every migrant workers dream to own a piece of land and be in tally of their own lives. The farm served as a symbol of freedom and independence. For George, the death of his friend was also the end of their dream. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck was truly a representation of California during the 1930s.Through the story of George, Lennie and the other characters, Steinbeck was able to illustrate the agricultural labor problem that existed in the Golden State during that decade. The novel revealed the transmutation of workers, the harsh realities of living as a nomad in California, their isolation and need for companionship and the broken dreams that come with the journey. By reading this novel, one is given a glimpse of California in the 1930s. Reference Steinbeck, J. (1994). Of Mice and Men. New York Penguin Classics.

Exclusionary Rule

Contemporary Issues Paper The Exclusionary Rule Jennifer Howell November 6, 2010 The Exclusionary Rule and Its Exceptions Introduction The Exclusionary Rule The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the coupled States protects citizens from incorrect searches and seizures by law enforcement personnel. (US Const. amend. IV) Though the Amendment forbids unreasonable searches and seizures, it does not provide a mechanism for prevention or a remedy. (Jackson, 1996) After passage of the Fourth Amendment, courts began to operate laws regarding the determine against unreasonable searches and seizures.The courts designed a rule known as the Exclusionary Rule, which provided a remedy for the violation of a suspects Fourth Amendment privileges any evidence seized in violation of the suspects rights and protections may not be used against the suspect in a criminal prosecution. The courts have been works and refining the exclusinary rule since its introduction in the 1900s. (Exclusionary Rule, n. . ) The first case that applied the exclusionary rule was the case of Weeks v. United States, 232 U. S. 393, in which the Supreme court held that the Fourth Amendment barricaded the use of evidence secured through a warrantless search. (Exclusionary Rule, n. d. ) The exclusionary rule requires an il lawful action by a police officer or agent of the police, evidence secured as a result of the illegal action, and a casual connection between the illegal action and the evidence secured. (Evaluation, n. d. ) Exceptions to the Exclusionary RuleSince the introduction of the exclusionary rule, courts have ready that it can not be enforced across the board, and have carved out a number of exceptions. These are * The Impeachment Exception This exception includes the Government to offer illegally-seized evidence on cross-examination of the defendant to impeach the defendant after the defendant takes the stand and perjures himself. It should be noted that the exception applies on ly to the testimony of the defendant, and not to any other witnesses. * The unaffiliated Source ExceptionThis exception is a way of protecting the governments case when the evidence was found through an independent source sufficiently discriminable to be purged of the primary taint. (Jackson, 1996) That is, the evidence was seized not only illegally, but also legally. * The Inevitable Discovery Exception The inevitable discovery exception was established to allow the admission of illegally-seized evidence that, though it was discovered unlawfully and in violation of the Fourth Amendment, would have inevitably been discovered anyway, through lawful means. The Good conviction Exception When an officer acts on a search warrant and discovers evidence, and the search warrant is later determined to be invalid, the evidence can still be used as long as the officers acted in good faith that the warrant was valid at the beat of its execution. This exception was developed because the pur pose of the exclusionary rule was not designed to punish the errors of judges and magistrates, but to deter police misconduct. (Exclusionary Rule, n. d. ) * The Harmless Error ExceptionThe harmless error exception allows introduction of evidence as long as the evidence is determined to be harmless evidence that is, it applies to immaterial issues. The evidence and circumstances are reviewed by the court, and the evidence has to be found harmless by a reasonable doubt. (Jackson, 1996) * The Rule of Attenuation The Court established the rule of attenuation, which allows the introduction of illegally-seized evidence when the Fourth Amendment violation is sufficiently off the beaten track(predicate) from the discovery of the evidence as to dissipate the taint. (Jackson, 1996) The Courts have provided three factors for Courts to apply to determine if the rule of attenuation applies (1) the length of time between the illegality and the seizure of evidence, (2) the posture of additional intervening factors and (3) the degree and purpose of the official misconduct. (Jackson, 1996) Legal Implications of the Exclusionary Rule The exclusionary rule and the development of its exceptions are of vital legal importance to the people of the United States.The courts have reasoned that illegally obtained evidence can not be used in a trial to do so would be to condone unconstitutional behavior, thereby compromising the integrity of the jury. (Jackson, 1996) The Fourth Amendment is a constraint on the power of the police officers, and gives the officers an incentive to control their power. The exclusionary rule has great legal implications in that it protects American citizens from officers and other State actors who have personal motivations that may otherwise be in conflict with Fourth Amendment compliance. (Jackson, 1996) In fact, the Supreme Court has held that the abuses that gave rise to the exclusionary rule featured intentional conduct which was patently unconstitu tional. (herring, 2009)Political & Financial Implications There are political adversaries of the exclusionary rule, who argue that the rule protects criminals. However, studies show that the actual societal cost of the exclusionary rule is relatively small. The cumulative loss in felony cases attributable to Fourth Amendment violations and the subsequent exclusion of evidence is between . 6% and 2. 5%. (Davies, 1983) The exclusionary rule, piece seemingly necessary to deter police misconduct, has financial implications in that when evidence is suppressed, the State may be unable to prosecute the case, and not only wastes the time and costs of the police department involved, but also the time and efforts of judges, court employees, and jurors. Interestingly, Mialon found in his study that the exclusionary rule directly reduces searches by police (in that it reduces chances of a successful conviction) and it also indirectly increases them (via an increase in crime).The exceptions tha t have been carved out help deter these costs by ensuring that the only cases that are abnormal by the exclusionary rule are those that truly violated the Fourth Amendment rights of the defendant.Sources Davies, Thomas (1983) A Hard Look at What We Know (and Still Need to Learn) most the Costs of the Exclusionary Rule The NIJ Study and Other Studies of Lost Arrests. 1983 American Bar Foundation Research Journal 611,622 Evaluation of the Exclusionary Rule. Retrieved November 4, 2010, from http//www. essortment. com/all/exclusionaryrul_rmlx. htm Exclusionary Rule (n. . ). Retrieved November 3, 2010, from http//legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Exclusionary+Rule Herring v. United States. (2009) 129 S. Ct. 695 (via scholar. google. com)Jackson, Heather. (1996) Arizona v. Evans Expanding Exclusionary Rule Exceptions and Contracting Fourth Amendment Protection. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Vol 86, No. 4. Northwestern University School of Law. Mialon, Hugo and Sue Mi alon. Abstract on The make of the Fourth Amendment An Economic Analysis. Retrieved November 6, 2010, from http//jleo. oxfordjournals. org/content/24/1/22. abstract

Planarian Behavior Essay

Planaria belong to the tell apart Turbella of the phylum Platyhelminthes. This paper depicts the portal reply of Planarians to a variety of settings and compounds to better understand this particular Platyhelminthes. With a tensile syringe, it is possible to extract a sample of planarian, place into a Petri dish with enough fresh pissing and value under a lab caterd microscope. While on the microscope plat formula, expose your sample to set about and darkness to ascertain the patterns of locomotion and movement throughout the conditioning tray.Probe the singulars with an object to spot whatever type of straightforward change in receipt, negative or positive. Tap the side and surroundings of the dish to notice if in that location is some(prenominal) different adjustment in movement. Add sound to surrounding, noting any alter. Obtain a split second sample, labeled separately, and use virtuoso dish to apply Hydrochloric Acid and the other to salt (NaCl) body of irrig ate. Note however using minimal amount or as needed. Using the implements provided, cut an individual in half(a) to discover if the subject dies or survives.In conclusion, the Planarian makes it choice by moving towards the darkened battlegrounds, favorably. When apply to exculpated, the individuals fled towards the edge. Any sudden object, sound, or altering didnt affect the objects intentions. After five drops of 6 groin HCl (aq), the sample died of very quickly however, five drops of 6 mol NaCl (aq) did not kill mop up bordering as quick. It was applied straightaway to the conditioning trays. Introduction Members of the phylum Platyhelminthes ache a worm- the like shape. The Platyhelminth has a bilateral symmetry and meets any provided situation in an aggressive, head-on approach.Cephalization, a specialism of the anterior hold back of the animal, can be depicted in the gathering of sensory arrangement and cluster of nerves, also know as the ganglia or its brain, in the head region. Many of the behaviors you will see are associated to increases in mobility, higher(prenominal) activity, and general increase in responsiveness (Collins, Harker 1999). Most planarians are free- biography and common in freshwater environments, also found in marine and terrestrial places. Two ventral nerve cords run the length of the body. Located in the anterior end are twain eyespots which possess photoreceptors to detect any form of light.Norm tout ensembley, a planarian contains a gastrovascular cavity that provides space for digestion tracts and the circulation of nutrient throughout the body. The mouth is situated on the ventral end, which is the site for both food digestion and/or the release of bodily wastes. Planarians are subject to regenerate from essentially any type of injury and present a novel system for the chew over of wound responses in regeneration initiation. Planarian regeneration requires adult stem cells called neoblasts and amputation tr iggers two peaks in neoblast mitoses primaeval in regeneration (Wenemoser, Reddien 2010).Planarians are highly recogniz qualified due to their efficacy to regenerate from the smallest body part. typically vary in color from grey, brown or black. They seemingly move about on the so-and-so of rocks or submerged vegetation. Many are negatively phototactic, which simply essence they shy a right smart from any form of light muddle. Each worm has both male and female reproducing organs however, they are heteroicous in that they are not self-fertilizing. The most common form is asexual. They appear for function mainly as osmoregulation, the control of the levels of water and mineral salts in the blood.Planarians must constantly eliminate excess water and are carnivores that feed primarily on protozoans and other small animals. What is a Planarians reaction to a light fixture or open(a) organisely? Does it affect them in any way? What is the difference in responses from light and da rkness? By inserting objects to the planarians path, does it alter their behavior? What about exposing them to sound or movement? Does making the water more acidic or basic affect the health and/or behavioral responses? Which is more in all probability to kill or harm the sample individuals?What are some distinct or unique characteristics defined in the planarian body structure that can be easily observed from a laboratory microscope? Do the individual samples favor any tests carry throughed over the opposite stimulus? What could cause the planarians to move the way they are observed? I scent that given the ecological surroundings the planarian can be discovered, I imagine that the exposure of light will overwhelm the samples tolerance since they become adapt to liveness underneath rocks, plants, and other submerged vegetation in marine and freshwater environments.Inserting objects would just be like conveying an obstacle course, so Im predicting they would maneuver and meande r around the objects. Acid always seems to be, in most object lessons, more harmful than any bases or salt compounds, for this test I will be assuming the 6 mol HCl will dramatically harm, if not kill, any planarian currently living about the conditioning tray. After the 6 mol NaCl is added to the Petri dish, Im sure it will bugger off an effect on them to an extent, seeing that some Planaria are capable of living in marine waters.Due to the fact that every piece of evidence available via text or online source, many testimonies have been provided that planarian individuals favor shaded as opposed to exposed areas of sun light or artificial light sources. Right away it will be easily distinguishable as to which technique will provide the most responsiveness to behavior. I dont feel that creating any type of sound or movement that could be applied directly to the sample will alter or change the reaction of the planarians provided, since they are encompassed inside containers near su ch activities no matter what or where they are designated to be.I feel the most advantageous examinations will be the light versus dark and adding chemical compound to the already sweetie pH water provided. Materials and Methods Materials that were acknowledged in this lab include at least nine individual planarians, one metric ruler, two inquisitory tools, one laboratory scanning microscope, threesome Petri dishes and lids or consider glasses, a vile of 6 mol HCl, a vile of 6 mol NaCl, a pliable pipette, one pen and/or permanent marker, and one lab commemoratebook. Other things that could be employ include a thermometer and a magnifying glass.With a dropper, we transferred planarian from the culture dish to a Petri dish and were sure to add enough water so that animal could glide freely over a small area of the dish. Next, we drew and labeled the ventral nerve cords, pharynx, eyespots, ganglia and gastrovascular cavity (see Figure 1 to identify these particular structures). To perform this experiment, we primed(p) a petry glass on the stage of the microscope to view through the scanning lens. First, measurements were taken to note the length of the various planaria.By turning the light fixture on and off, we recorded any and all movement. then(prenominal) with the three planaria, we used the probing tools to cut the planaria in half and used three of the halves that were left to observe any form of regeneration in the water provided. The other three were placed to regenerate in a separate petry dish to ensure they did not mix together. Of the remaining sixersome planaria, we placed three in separate petry glasses. One of the glasses was used to add five drops of 6 mol HCl and the remaining petry glass was used to add five drops of 6 mol NaCl.After applying the chemicals to the water, one at a time in order for accurate and very(prenominal) recording, we noted any changes in mobility, reactions, color, and/or functions. Added obstacles to the path s of some of the planarian and slowly tilted the glass back and forth to create water flow and movement. This was to ensure we created or reenacted any type of ecosystem the planaria may exist in to lease for maximum behavioral responses to different scenarios. This allowed for the most of the laboratory experiment and the more tests performed provide more precise results.Results After placing three planarians into a single petry dish, I placed the watch glass onto the stage of the microscope to for the first time indentify body structures, organs, and gain knowledge into the normal behavior of a single planaria. Using the metric ruler, I was able to establish the average length of the planaria to be 10 mm in length. As the light fixture remained off, I took notice that all of the planarians in the glass performed and acted in similar ways. They were free-moving, masking all surface provided within the water.After turning the lighting fixture on, each planarian scurried towards th e waters edge only to be trapped within the area provided. It appeared to me as if they were trying to turn off the light in search of a more suitable and sustainable environment. Next, I used the probing tool to create an obstacle to see if they reacted any different to a new placement. Unfortunately, that was not the case they simply went around or avoided it all together. As I came towards the adding chemicals section of the experiment, I used the tool to cut the planarian in half, to prove the theory of regeneration.The anterior end went about as if it was and affected however, the posterior end was quite the opposite, yet it still possessed signs of life and locomotion to an extent. Then I went ahead and used the remaining six planarian to test for any type of ability to survival when introduced to hydrochloric acid and salt water. After separating the samples into compensate numbered dishes, I first applied five drops of six molar HCl to the first sample. This to the highe st degree simultaneously killed all of the living organisms within the dish.Next, I placed the same amount of six molar NaCl to the last dish however this reaction was much different. After directly applying the salt water, the planaria seemed to behave abnormal, increasing they movement and livelihood. I was surprised that it didnt kill them off as the hydrochloric acid did. It was almost as if they began to adapt or tolerate the new conditions. My only estimate was that since a small percentage live in marine ecosystems, they are able to live in such conditions to an extent or within a certain limit.To my surprise they managed to live throughout the inbuilt procedure. See Table 1 and 2 Discussions Exposing the planaria to light went as anticipated. Before the lab even began, it was very evident that these organisms were more prone to darkness hence the reason for finding them on the seat of submerged items. Most planarians are also light-sensitive and in some, pigmented light- sensitive cells are clumped in two cups that serve as primitive eyes ( Kobayashi 2008).The one thing that caught my eye was how quick they were to avoid and almost escape the direct light, was as if they were in grave danger. I was rather intrigued to discover that although these animals are able to regenerate, I still was having a hard time believing they would still live for reasons of doubt exactly after separating the body parts into halves, it reminded me much of an earth worm. When you go to capture an earthworm from the ground, and you accidentally ease up them or rip them into halves, each halve squirms away as almost if unharmed or phased.The placing of obstacles came to no surprise. Just as for any living organism, if it comes across an object in its path, the organism finds other nitty-gritty of getting around or avoiding all together. If it didnt suit the planarian, it moved on. When adding the hydrochloric acid, I could only come back one thing. If acid was applied to our skin or in great quantities in our ecosystem, we are exposed to a very harmful substance and more often times than not cannot tolerate a highly exposure rate.As I began to reach the final drop of acid into the dish, the organisms inside already began to show signs of death or nearing the end of life all together. The sodium chloride, however, was a different story. I didnt really know what to expect. It could have went one of two ways, either erratically change the behavior and response to such chemicals or merely phase them at all. Much like the HCl, they werent used to such components and surely didnt accept it but even after adding all of the substance, it seemed as if the planaria were able to still find ways to adapt or tolerate expose to it.Unlike the HCl, they were able to survive. Consluion The results did prove my hypothesis correct. The planarians behavior response to light was vastly affected to the amount of exposure to direct light. There was an increase in mobil ity, higher activity, and general increase in responsiveness when any form of light was applied to the sample. Adding obstacles didnt take much affect on the individuals, it simply just do an inconvenience and planned around it. By introducing hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride, it created a whole new means of survival of the fittest.The hydrochloric acid instantly killed off all the planarian exposed to the chemical, much like I predicted. The sodium chloride almost seemed as if it left the sample unharmed. In conclusion, there are several things I would also have included to this experiment for more discoveries. Things such as increase or diminution in water temperature, measuring the temperature at given times to note any changes in response to the change. Also, maybe adding other types of aqueous solutions to the mix, or perhaps compound that would change the performance of the viewed planarian, such as caffeine.

Principles of Marketing Exam Notes

Principles of market Study Guide Mid-term Exam Fall 2012 Chapter 1 1. What is selling? a. The activity, set of institutions, and playes for creating, capturing, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that clear value for customers, clients, forkners, and friendship at grown. It requires thoughtful proposalning with an emphasis on the ethical implications of any of those conclusivenesss on society in general. 2. Marketing requires mathematical harvest-festival, Price, Place and Promotions decisions. b.The four Ps, or selling compound, are the controllable set of activities that the plastered uses to suffice to the urgencys of its quarry markets. 3. What is value-based selling? a. Value reflects the relationship of benefits to costs, or what the consumer gets for what he or she gives. In a marketing context, customers seek a fair return in goods and/or emoluments for their delicate-earned money and scarce time. They want carrefours or services that m eet their specific needs or wants and that are offered at competitive prices. 4. Marketing Impacts Various Stakeholders . Supply chain partners, whether they are manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, or other intermediaries analogous transportation or store companies, are involved in marketing to one a nonher. Manufacturers sell merchandise to retailers, but the retailers oft cook to convince manufacturers to sell to them. 5. Marketing Enriches Society * Our people Committed to excellence, passionate about achieving our goals, eagerly cover impertinent challenges. * Our scheme Focused and consistent, delivers sustainable and dependable performance. Our business model Resilient and proven, relevant in all economies, drives long-term health of the partnership. * Our brands Recognized and loved around the world, in strong categories, responsive to publicize and brand building. Chapter 2 6. What is a Marketing Strategy? d. Identifies (1) a firms target market(s), (2) a related marketing mixits four Psand (3) the bases on which the firm plans to build a sustainable competitive advantage. 7. build a Sustainable Competitive Advantage e. An advantage over the competition that is not easily copied and so can be asserted over a long period of time.A competitive advantage acts like a wall that the firm has built around its position in a market. This wall makes it hard for outside competitors to contact customers insideotherwise known as the marketers target market. 8. The Marketing Plan f. a written document composed of an analysis of the occurrent marketing situation, opportunities and threats for the firm, marketing objectives and strategy specified in terms of the four Ps, action programs, and projected or proforma income (and other financial) statements.The three major phases of the marketing plan are planning, implementation, and control. g. Step 1 of the planning phase. The part of the strategical marketing planning process when marketing executives, in conjunction with other top managers, (1) define the mission or vision of the business and (2) prize the situation by assessing how various players, both in and outside the organization, affect the firms potential for success. , marketing executives, in conjunction with other top managers, define the mission and/or vision of the business. (Step 2). In the implementation phase.The part of the strategic marketing planning process when marketing managers (1) pick out and approximate dissimilar opportunities by salty in segmentation, targeting, and positioning (see STP) and (2) implement the marketing mix using the four Ps. , marketing managers identify and evaluate different opportunities by engaging in a process known as segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP) (Step 3). They wherefore are responsible for implementing the marketing mix using the four Ps (Step 4). Finally, the control phase. The part of the strategic marketing planning process when managers evaluate the erformance of the marketing strategy and take any necessary disciplinary actions. Entails evaluating the performance of the marketing strategy using marketing metrics and taking any necessary disciplinal actions (Step 5). 9. Growth Strategies h. A market penetration s growth strategy that employs the existing marketing mix and focuses the firms efforts on existing customers. Such a growth strategy might be achieved by attracting refreshing consumers to the firms current target market or encouraging current customers to patronize the firm more practically or buy more merchandise on each visit. i.A market development growth strategy that employs the existing marketing offering to reach new market segments, whether domestic or international. International amplification generally is riskier than domestic expansion because firms must deal with differences in government regulations, cultural traditions, supply chains, and language. j. Product development growth strategy that offers a new product or service to a firms current target market. k. A diversification growth strategy whereby a firm introduces a new product or service to a market segment that it does not currently serve.Diversification opportunities may be any related or unrelated. In a related diversification growth strategy whereby the current target market and/or marketing mix shares something in common with the new opportunity. In other words, the firm might be able to secure from existing vendors, use the same distribution and/or trouble education system, or advertise in the same newspapers to target markets that are similar to their current consumers. l. In an unrelated diversification growth strategy whereby a new business lacks any common elements with the chip in business.Unrelated diversifications do not capitalize on core strengths associated either with markets or with products. Thus, they would be viewed as macrocosm very risky. Chapter 3 10. Why People Act Unethically m. All of us va ry in the way we view more complex situations, depending on our ethical sympathiseings. 11. moral philosophy and Corporate Social function n. Corporate social responsibility refers to the voluntary actions taken by a company to address the ethical, social, and environmental impacts of its business operations and the concerns of its stakeholders. o.This notion goes beyond the individual ethics that weve discussed so far, but for a company to act in a socially responsible manner, the employees of the company must also first maintain high ethical standards and recognize how their individual decisions lead to optimal collective actions of the firm. Firms with strong ethical climates be to be more socially responsible. 12. A Frame shit for Ethical Decision Making p. 13. Integrating Ethics into Marketing Strategy q. Marketers can introduce ethics at the beginning of the planning process exclusively by including ethical statements in the firms mission or vision statements. . In the im plementation phase of the marketing strategy, when firms are identifying potential markets and how to successfully deliver the 4Ps to them, firms must consider several(prenominal) ethical issues. Chapter 4 14. The speedy Environment s. t. In the nimble environment, the first factor that affects the consumer is the firm itself. Successful marketing firms focus on satisfying customer needs that match their core competencies. Competition also significantly affects consumers in the immediate environment.It is therefore critical that marketers understand their firms competitors, including their strengths, weaknesses, and likely reactions to the marketing activities that their own firm undertakes. Few firms operate in isolation. For example, automobile manufacturers collaborate with suppliers of sheet metal, tire manufacturers, component part makers, unions, transport companies, and dealerships to produce and market their automobiles successfully. Parties that twist with the focal fir m are its corporate partners. 15. Macro-environmental Factors u. Macro environmental factors Aspects of the external environment that ffect a companys business, such(prenominal) as the culture, demographics (age, gender, and race), social issues, technological advances, economic situation, and political/regulatory environment. 16. Corporate Social Responsibility v. Chapter 5 17. The Consumer Decision Process w. x. 18. Factors Influencing the Consumer Decision Process y. The consumer decision process can be influenced by several factors. First are the elements of the marketing mix, which we discuss throughout this book. Second are psychological factors, which are influences inseparable to the customer, such as motives, attitudes, perception, and learning.Third, social factors, such as family, reference groups, and culture, also influence the decision process. Fourth, there are situational factors, such as the specific purchase situation, a particular shopping situation, or worldly state (the time of day), that affect the decision process. 19. Involvement and Consumer Buying Decisions z. Consumers engage in two types of purchasing processes/decisions depending on their level of involvement extended problem solving for high-priced or risky goods and modified problem solving, which includes impulse purchase and habitual decision making. .Involvement is the consumers interest in a product or service. Chapter 6 20. B2B Markets . 21. The Business to Business Buying Process . 22. Factors affecting the Buying Process . The Buying spirit i. The acquire center is a group of people typically responsible for the buying decisions in large organizations. Participants can range from employees who have a formal role in purchasing decisions (i. e. , the purchasing or procurement department) to members of the design team that is specifying the particular equipment or raw material demand by employees who provide be using a new machine that is being ordered.All these empl oyees are likely to play different roles in the buying process, which vendors must understand and adapt to in their marketing and sales efforts. ii. One or more people may take on a certain role, or one somebody may take on more than one of the following roles (1) initiator The buying center instrumentalist who first suggests buying the particular product or service. , the person who first suggests buying the particular product or service (2) influencer The buying center participant whose views influence other members of the buying center in making the final decision. the person whose views influence other members of the buying center in making the final decision (3) decider The buying center participant who ultimately find outs any part of or the entire buying decisionwhether to buy, what to buy, how to buy, or where to buy. , the person who ultimately determines any part of or the entire buying decisionwhether to buy, what to buy, how to buy, or where to buy (4) buyer The buyin g center participant who handles the paperwork of the actual purchase. the person who handles the paperwork of the actual purchase (5) user The person who consumes or uses the product or service purchased by the buying center. , the person who consumes or uses the product or service and (6) gatekeeper The buying center participant who controls entropy or entree to decision makers and influencers. , the person who controls information or access, or both, to decision makers and influencers. . Organizational Culture iii. A firms organizational culture reflects the set of values, traditions, and customs that guide a firms employees behavior. The firms culture often comprises a set of unsaid guidelines that employees share with one another through various work situations. . Buying Situations In a new buy a purchase of a good or service for the first time the buying decision is likely to be quite involved because the buyer or the buying organization does not have any experience with the item.A modified rebuy refers to when the buyer has purchased a similar product in the past but has decided to change some specifications, such as the desired price, quality level, customer service level, options, or so forth. Straight rebuys refers to when the buyer or buying organization simply buys additional units of products that have previously been purchased. A tremendous amount of B2B purchases are likely to fall in the straight rebuy category. Chapter 9 23. The Marketing Research Process . The first step is to define objectives and research needs, which sounds so simple that managers often gloss over it.But this step is crucial to the success of any research project because, quite basically, the research must answer those questions that are important for making decisions. In the second step, designing the research project, researchers identify the type of data that is needed, whether primary or secondary, on the basis of the objectives of the project from Step 1, and t hen determine the type of research that enables them to collect those data. The third step involves deciding on the data collection process and collecting the data.The process usually starts with exploratory research methods such as observation, in-depth interviews, or focus groups. The information gleaned from the exploratory research is then used in conclusive research, which may include a survey, an experiment, or the use of scanner and panel data. The fourth step is to analyze and interpret the data and develop insights. The 5th and final step is to develop an action plan and implementation. Although these steps appear to progress linearly, researchers often work backward and forward throughout the process as they learn at each step. 4. Secondary entropy and Primary Data . Primary Data collected to address specific research needs. . Secondary Pieces of information that have already been collected from other sources and are readily available. 25. Exploratory Research . Attempts to begin to understand the phenomenon of interest, also provides initial information when the problem lacks any clear definition. 26. Conclusive Research . Provides the information needed to confirm preliminary insights, which managers can use to pursue appropriate courses of action.

The effect of temperature on respiration

Every living thing respires in some way. there ar twain forms of internal ventilation, aerobic and anaerobic. Areobic respiration still takes show up in the presence of oxygen and is a farthermost more efficient way for complexed organisms to convert carbohydrates into energy. There are four stages in aerobic respiration, Glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration is far less efficient than aerobic, but kindle produce low yields of energy quickly. T6he overall equation for respiration isC6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energyA respiratory quotient (RQ) is use to show what substratum is being used in respiration, it can also show if anaerobic respiration is occurring. The following equations can be used to numerate RQRQ = Volume of carbon dioxide given out in unit of timeVolume of oxygen taken in unit of timeOrRQ = moles or molecules of carbon dioxide given outMoles or molecules of oxygen taken inPredictionI count on that an increase in temperature willing increase the respiration rate. The increase will only take place until a certain temperature is glide byed, the respiration rate will then start to decrease after that temperature. I think that the respiration rate will start to decrease after 50 C. This is because as the temperature increases, the enzymes and substrate molecules involved in respiration will gain more activation energy. This means that the enzymes and substrate are more likely to collide, and a reaction to take place. I think that respiration will reach its optimum rate at about 40 C, this is because enzymes name best at about this temperature, that is only providing that another factor, such as oxygen avai laboratoryle, does not become a limiting factor.Preliminary workTo hear the effects of temperature on respiration a respirometer wil be used. A respirometer consists of two experiment tubes, an data-based test tube and a control tube, and a capillary U-tube. The experimental t ube contains soda-lime solution with a cable gauze platform over it, with non-vertebrates in it. The control tube also contains soda-lime, with a wire gauze above it, with glass beads in it. Both tubes are sealed and attached to the u-tubing containing manometer changeable.A respirometer is suitable for measuring the rate of oxygen consumption of slim terrestrial invertebrates. The Carbon dioxide produced in respiration is absorbed by a suitable chemical such as soda-lime or Potassium hydroxide solution. The amount of oxygen used can be measured by reading the take aim of manometer fluid against the scale. Using a water supply bath alters the temperature.We did a test run using this equipment germinating peas were used quite of small invertebrates. Only one test was completed, this was at room temperature no repeats were made. This was due to time restrictions. This test run taught us how to set up the equipment. We compared our results gained to reference book values and deci ded that they were reasonably reliable.Variables* The meet atmospheric temperature of the water bath mustiness remain constant to prevent anomalous results being obtained.* The atmospheric pressure must remain constant this is ok because the experiment will take place in the same room all of the time.* A control tube is used to compensate in small changes in atmospheric pressure.* The same volume and concentration of NaOH must be used in all experiment this is to prevent more or less CO2 being absorbed.* The mass of the invertebrates and the number of invertebrates must remain constant to prevent differences in respiration rates occurring.Five different temperature inputs will be used, these temperatures will be 10 C, 20 C,30 C, 40 C and 50 C. These temperatures provide a good range for which varying respiration rates can occur. The enzymes involved in respiration will be working very slowly at both 10 C and 50 C. The optimum temperature for respiration can also be found using t hese temperatures. These changes in temperature will not do any harm to the invertebrates, by over heating them. Each test will be repeated three times to gain an average result and to remove any anomalous results as far as possible.Apparatus* Two large test tubes* Sodium Hydroxide solution* Two test tube bungs, with two holes in each* 4 capillary tubes* 1 capillary u-tube containing manometer fluid* 1Cm spray* 8 maggots* Glass beads* 2 small pieces of wire gauze* 1 screw ramble on* 1 three way tap* StopwatchMethod1. Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram above2. Using the syringe, adjust the level of manometer fluid in the u-tubing to ensure that it is the same level at both sides3. Seal the screw clip and record the level of manometer fluid every two minutes, over a period of 10 minutes.4. repeat step 3 for the temperatures of 10 C, 20 C(room temperature), 30 C, 40 C and 50 C. These temperatures can be reached by using either a water bath or crushed ice5. Each test must be repeated 3 times.6. Record each result in a table and work out the average. Use the results to calculate the RQ values.Risk Assessment* The NaOH is corrosive, so it must be kept away from the invertebrates. Saftey goggles and a lab coat must be worn to protect eyes and clothes from NaOH.* Living creatures must be treated with respect* Any spillages must be mopped up immediately to prevent accidents occurring.

Critical theory and professionalism Essay

In what ways goat hypercritical theory throw light on skipperism? This presentation explores how critical theory can provide a perspective for critiquing professionalism in educational activity. In so doing the nature of the relationship between the professionalisation and social movement trends in education is addressed. An attempt at a definition of professionalism is going to be the focus of the first part of the presentation. Several concepts articulated inside critical theory are discussed for their relevance to the issue of professionalism. The maneuver of the capital of Kentucky School is underlined, drawing parallels to the defecate of Gramsci and Freire. In the final analysis, specific issues and questions raised by the perspective of Critical Theory are reflected upon as they apply to the professionalisation of education.The concept of professionalismLiterature on professionalism is in its abundance. There have been many attempts at providing a clear definition, in cluding the government-led agendas calling for higher degrees on professionalism in education. It can be noted at the outset that attempts at coming up with a definition of professionalism in education have struggled to consort on a particular one. Freidson (1994) has concluded that the use of the term professionalism is inconsistent. He argues that professionalism is The Third Logic, claiming that professions are occupational groupings that exercise relatively high degrees of curb over the conditions as hale as how they function out their work. This kind of arrangement provides a mechanism for organising some aspects of social life in a way that properly deploys specialist knowledge.Professionalism is on that pointfore viewed as a mode of social coordination and competes with, and provides some detachment from, both market and bureaucratic forms of organisation. It has also been viewed as a state of mind or political theory that reflects a way of thinking about the cognitive aspects of a profession and the characteristics that typify a professional (Van Ruler, 2005). In other words, in the case of inform, professionalism is the cultural means by which we give meaning, purpose, definition, and direction to work as professionals and the place of practitioners in society. It can therefore be claimed that there is no universal cartel of the concept.It has been implored by some authorities for tenet to become evidence-based profession like medicine and law. Hargreaves, for example describes teaching as the paradoxical profession. He asserts that of all the jobs that are, or aspires to be professions, only teaching is pass judgment to create the tender-hearted clevernesss and capacities that will enable individuals and organizations to survive and succeed. (Hargreaves, 2003). Carr (1992) has suggested that in this extended view of educational professionalism, education and teaching are to be understood by reference to the elaborative network of public duties, obligations and responsibilities in which teaching as a social role is implicated. It can be asserted that if teaching is a profession, there has been an assumption that teachers should be equipped with capacities for autonomous judgement and the freedom to exercise this judgement.It could be considered inappropriate for politicians or employers to dictate to teachers what is or is not worthy of inclusion in the school curriculum, or what kinds of knowledge and skill are crucial for the professional conduct of teaching. It is with this view in mind that Flinders (1980) has argued that teaching is an open-ended activity. Helsby (1995) claims that professionalism is solution to geographical and cultural differences and it can be understood as relating to exceptional standards of behaviour, dedication as well as a strong service ethic.This view is supported by Bryan (2003) who argues that professional work can be seen to be increasingly influenced by politics. This can be jus tified by the claim that the policies of governments are ideologicly driven, hence professionalism may be understood as constructs which develop in response to ideological influences. Thomas (2012) uses professionalism as a descriptor of a combination of teachers specific capabilities and knowledge, the purpose and ethical underpinnings of their work, the tip to which they are able to exercise independent and critical judgement, their role in shaping and leading changes in their field, and their relationship to other stakeholders.Despite the vicissitude of the sentiment of professionalism in education, standard analyses of how this concept can be applied in public services such as teaching and nursing have hard-pressed the importance of specialist knowledgeand expertise, ethical codes as well as procedures concerned with training, induction and go along professional development (Flexner, 1915 Larson, 1977 Langford, 1978 Eraut, 1994). Attached to this view of professionalism is t he assumption that in exchange for a greater arrange in matters related to school and teaching, teachers are expected to submit to greater levels of scrutiny and work roles that go beyond classroom teaching (Stone-Johnson, 2013). In this exchange there is a shift of power whereby as the work of the teachers becomes increasingly professionalised, teachers appear to have surrendered degrees of professionalism.The critical project in education supervenes from the postulation that pedagogical practices are linked to social practices, and that it is the task of the critical intellectual to identify and address injustices in these practices. The Frankfurt Schools perception of Critical Theory was driven by an underlying commitment to the notion that theory as well as practice must inform the work of those who seek to transubstantiate the oppressive conditions that exist in the world. Their ideas influenced other great critical theorists such as Freire and Gramsci. If the notion of critic al theory is to be linked to the debate on professionalism, it can be argued that the development of critical breeding out of critical theory has changed the way through which the role of the teacher is seen, particularly the professional state of affairs of the teacher in the society.It has been argued that there has been a widespread erosion of professional autonomy in upstart years (Barton et al, 1994, Whitty et al 1998). This has been a result of the centralisation of control over all aspects of teachers work such as curriculum (National Curriculum, literacy and numeracy hours), assessment, (SATs, QAA/ Ofsted Inspections) and conditions of service (imposed by the employers in a controlled quasi-market regulated by centralist funding formulae, league tables and inspection regimes.) (Freidson, 2001). This can be corroborated by a survey of teachers carried by Helsby and McCulloch (1997) as it showed that the government onslaught of edicts and initiatives demolished professional ism.It has been argued the formulation of policy documents have positioned the teacher as fundamentally impotent in terms of curriculum design. The teacherhas been reduced to a mere curriculum deliverer. This is chiefly to system of communication that is viewed as one-sided by educational critiques. Murphy and Fleming (2010) have attempted to handwriting with this issue by using the Habermas notion of communicative follow up. They argue that, for Habermas, the essential feature of communicative action is that it aims at reaching agreement.Furthermore in order for that agreement to be not only mutually acceptable but satisfactory, its participants must be willing to make and defend validity claims such as claims of truth, rightness and truthfulness. Habermas notion accedes to the fact that while validity claims are raised automatically in habitual communication, it is only when communication aims primarily at reaching consensus, and when participants provide reasons for their ar gument, that rationality actually manifests itself. It can be argued that in the case of professionalism, Critical Theory is meant to herald a liberatory education that empowers stakeholders, fosters curiosity and critical thinking, and provides a means for crucial successful bottom-up, top-down engagement in the political arena.The introduction of a prescriptive and centralised National Curriculum has greatly weakened the professional confidence of teachers, (Helsby and McCulloch, 1997). It has also left them incertain of their ability to cope and of their right to take major curriculum decisions. This has resulted in the government having more control over the teaching profession, (Meyer- Emerick, 2004). Critical theory prefers to call this process one-dimensionality of life. Thus this extended the subsisting understanding of power and its impact on the construction of knowledge. Gramsci was deeply concerned with the manner in which subordination was undergoing major shifts and changes within the industrial western societies.He developed a theory of hegemony, whereby he seek to explain the manner by which these changes were exercised more and more through the moral leaders of the society (including teachers) who participated in and reinforced universal common sense notions of what is considered to be truth in society. This is consonant with Foucaults questioning of what he termed regimes of truth that were upheld and perpetuated through the manner in which particular knowledge was legitimated within the mise en scene of a variety of power relationships within the society. Foucaults perceptions of power is notsolely at play in the context of domination, but also in the context of creative acts of resistance and these are produced as human beings are interact across the dynamic of relationship and shaped by moments of dominance and autonomy. Such a viewpoint challenges the dichotomised standpoint of either domination or powerlessness of power as enticed b y radical education theorists. Thus it can be argued that Foucaults writing on knowledge and power shed light on a critical understanding of the teaching profession in relation to authority. to a greater extent so it does open the door to a better understanding of power relations within the context of teaching practice.